Rilmenidine hemifumarate (S-3341 hemifumarate) is a novel, orally active and selective I1 imidazoline receptor and α2-adrenoceptor agonist that induces autophagy, regulates the proliferation of leukaemia cells, stimulates the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and induces autophagy in human leukaemia K5 cells. induces disruption of the mitochondrial pathway and apoptosis in human leukaemia K562 cells.